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Scientific Reports Volume 11, Article Number: 21102 (2021) Cite this article

The research is based on field trials conducted at Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities (Zawady Agricultural Experimental Station) in Eastern Poland in 2016-2017, 2017-2018, and 2018-2019. The research factors are: I. Winter rape variety: Monolit-open-pollination variety; PT248-F1 traditional growth type hybrid variety; PX115-F1 semi-dwarf type and leaf nutrition type hybrid variety: (1) No leaf nutrition And amino acid control variants; (2) amino acids; (3) foliar fertilizer sulfur and boron; (4) foliar fertilizer sulfur combined with foliar fertilizer boron and amino acids. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of foliar spraying of sulfur, boron, and amino acids on the utilization and feed value of three winter rape morphological types. The crude fat content of the studied morphological seeds was the highest after the foliar fertilization of sulfur, boron and amino acids, and the lowest under the influence of amino acids. After applying amino acids, the highest concentration of total protein was obtained, and regardless of the type of morphology studied on the subject, the same value of the trait was proved. In the restored morphology type, the use of additional foliar fertilization S and B combined with amino acids did not significantly increase this characteristic compared to amino acid variants. Due to the application of amino acids and foliar feeding of S, B and amino acids, the crude fiber content of rapeseed increased the most. Compared with the control, the application of S and B did not significantly increase this characteristic variant. The best feed and utilization value of seeds appear in the restoration morphology, and the semi-dwarf varieties have the highest fat and crude fiber content. The climatic conditions in many years of research greatly determine the value of seeds. The highest value of the study traits appeared in the last year of the study, and the lowest value appeared in the 2016-2017 growing season.

Winter rape (Brassica napus) is one of the most important oleoprotein plants in the world1,2,3. The quality of rapeseed mainly depends on the content of crude fat and total protein, as well as the concentration of harmful sulfur compounds called glucosinolates. Rapeseed is the main raw material for the production of edible oil, and it is also a high-protein food used for animal nutrition4,5.

The chemical composition of seeds mainly depends on genetic factors, but may also be affected by environmental and agricultural technical conditions.

According to Szewczuk6, providing plants with micronutrients in the form of leaves is particularly beneficial. This form allows nutrients to be provided at the stage when soil absorption is difficult and demand is greatest. Rapeseed has a high demand for sulfur and boron in winter7,8. Kotecki et al. 9 emphasized that sulfur is responsible for the synthesis of chlorophyll and amino acids, activates enzymes that are important for energy and fatty acid metabolism, increases plant resistance to diseases and insect pests, and has a positive impact on the effectiveness of other substances. Nutrients, mainly nitrogen, are also restricted. Plant lodging, and boron determines the normal reproductive development of plants, the development of flowers, seeds and pods, and prevents stems from cracking during rapid growth. Zao et al. [10] showed that due to insufficient nutrients in sulfur-containing plants, the synthesis of sulfur amino acids is limited, which inhibits the formation of protein and promotes the accumulation of non-protein nitrogen. Amino acids are used as biostimulants. In addition to their osmotic activity, they show a triple role in reducing plant stress, that is, they act as metal chelating agents, antioxidant defense molecules, and signaling molecules11.

Although rapeseeds have high energy and protein value, they are not widely used in animal nutrition due to economic reasons. They are raw materials in the fat industry and by-products are used for feed purposes. Therefore, higher protein and fat content is required. On the other hand, higher crude fiber content is now considered to be the main factor causing poor protein digestibility in rapeseed.

Many authors believe that the application of foliar fertilizer has a positive effect on crude fat content 7, 12, 13 and total protein 4, 5, and 14.

This paper adopts the research hypothesis that amino acid combined with foliar feeding may have a positive effect on the seed quality of three winter rapeseeds. The research carried out in 2016-2019 aims to determine the effect of foliar spraying of sulfur, boron, and amino acids on the utility value (crude fat) and feed (total protein, crude fiber) of three winter rapeseed morphological seeds (Monolit, PX115) And PT248).

The research is based on a three-year (2016-2019) field experiment conducted at the Zawady Agricultural Experimental Station (52°03'N and 22°33'E) of the Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Eastern Poland. The field experiment used three replicates Split zone design. The harvest area of ​​one site is 21 m2 15.

PT248 (traditional growth type F1 hybrid variety);

PX115 (F1 hybrid with semi-dwarf growth type).

A control variant without foliar nutrition and amino acids;

Amino acid Aminoplant (amino acids, total nitrogen (N)-at least 8.5%): I date-autumn 4-6 leaf stage (BBCH 14-16), II date-spring after vegetation starts (BBCH) 28-30), III date ——At the stage of flower bud development (budding)——the beginning of flowering (BBCH 50-61), the dose is 1.0 dm3 ha-1;

Foliar fertilizer Siarkomag (5% MgO, total SO3-85%, water-soluble SO3-10%) Foliar fertilizer Bormax (B-11%): I date-autumn 4-6 leaf stage (BBCH 14-16), II Date—after the beginning of spring vegetation (BBCH 28-30), Date III—flower bud development stage (sprouting)—flowering beginning stage (BBCH 50-61), the dose is 2.0 dm3 ha−1 0.5 dm3 ha−1;

Foliar Fertilizer Siarkomag Foliar Fertilizer Bormax Aminoplant Aminoplant: I Date—Autumn 4-6 Leaf Stage (BBCH 14-16), II Date—After Spring Vegetation Starts (BBCH 28-30), III Date—In Flower Bud Development (Budding) -Flowering begins (BBCH 50-61), the dose is 2.0 dm3 ha-1 0.5 dm3 ha-1 1.0 dm3 ha-1.

Foliar fertilizer is applied using a small area sprayer with a flat string nozzle. There is 300 dm-3 of working fluid per hectare; 150 cm wide paths are used between the plots.

In the first year of the study, spring wheat was the first crop of winter rape, and the second and last year of winter triticale were studied. The test was carried out on the soil classified into the Haplilic Luvisol group according to the World Soil Resources Reference Base 16, sanded with sandpaper, which is a very good rye soil complex and belongs to the IVa level. In many years of experiments, the pH of the soil (in 1 N KCl) is slightly acidic, ranging from 5.68 to 5.75. The soil is characterized by the low content of the effective form of phosphorus (range 75 to 81 mg kg-1) and the average bioavailability of potassium (range 199 to 202 mg kg-1), magnesium (range 59 to 63 mg kg- 1) −1), boron (range 0.48 to 0.52 mg kg-1), and sulfur (range 5.90 to 6.03 mg SO42− kg−1)15.

After the first crop is harvested, use a stubble field cultivator and wire rollers for a set of post-harvest cultivation, and then two weeks after the first treatment, 20 cm deep tillage with ring rollers. In order to prepare the soil for sowing and composting, a combined tillage device was used. Before planting, apply phosphorus and potassium at a ratio of 40 kg P ha-1 and 110 kg K ha-1, and apply nitrogen at a ratio of 40 kg N ha-1. Fertilization under rape is applied in the form of Lubofos, and the application rate is 600 kg ha-1, which is 21 kg N ha-1, 26.4 kg P ha-1, 92.1 kg K ha-1, 34.8 kg S ha-1, and 1.2 kg B ha−1. The fertilization rate is supplemented with 55.9 kg ha-1 ammonium nitrate (19 kg N ha-1), 29.6 kg ha-1 triple superphosphate (13.6 kg P ha-1) and 29 kg ha-1 potassium salt (17.9 kg K ha) -1) -1). In the spring before the start of growth (BBCH 28-30), apply 100 kg ha-1 of nitrogen for the second time, use 255.5 kg ha-1 (86.9 kg N ha-1) of ammonium nitrate and sulfuric acid Ammonium 62.5 kg ha-1 (13.1 kg N ha-1 15 kg S ha-1). The third nitrogen application rate was 60 kg ha-1 and ammonium nitrate was used at the early stage of germination (BBCH 50), and the application rate was 176.5 kg ha-1 (60 kg N ha-1)15.

Suppose that the seeding is 60 pcs m-2, and the seeding is carried out every year, and the row spacing is 22.5 cm. Plant seeds on the best dates recommended in the region (2016-August 12th-August 14, 2017, 2018-August 13th)15. The certified seeds of the tested varieties used for the experiment came from Pioneer.

The test species and biostimulants used in the test are included in the COBORU National List and the European List. The experimental research is carried out in accordance with relevant national and international standards and regulations.

In accordance with the recommendations of good agricultural practices, chemical protection against weeds, diseases and pests has been carried out. To control weeds, Command 480 EC (0.25 dm3 ha-1) and Fusilade Forte 150 EG (2.0 dm3 ha-1, 13-14 BBCH) were used. For pest control, use Proteus 110 OD (0.6 dm3 ha-1, 30 BBCH, 50-58 BBCH, 60-69 BBCH) 3 times. Use Horizon 250 EW (0.75 dm3 ha-1, 14-18 BBCH), Propulse 250 SE (1.0 dm3 ha-1, 61 BBCH) and Mondatak 450 EC w (1.0 dm3 ha-1, 65 BBCH) for sterilization Agent treatment 15.

Rapeseed is harvested in two stages in the first and second decade of July (BBCH 89).

Four seed samples of each variety were subjected to chemical analysis. Chemical analysis of winter rape seed samples to determine the following components:

Crude fat (g kg-1-dm of dry matter)—Using the Soxhlet method, the fat is extracted with petroleum ether in the Soxhlet device and its quantity is determined by weight. Total protein (g kg-1 dm) PN-76 /R -64753

Total protein (g kg-1 of dm)-Kjeldahl method, in the presence of a catalyst, the protein nitrogen is converted into ammonium sulfate with concentrated sulfuric acid, the solution is alkalized, distilled and the acid is titrated with hydrochloric acid-ammonium borate, using the conversion coefficient Nx6.25, crude fiber (g kg-1 of dm) PN-EN ISO 5983-2

Crude fiber (g kg–1 of dm)—Using the Wenden method, it includes the quantitative determination of insoluble organic matter during cooking in an acid solution.

The chemical analysis of the seeds was carried out in the chemical technology laboratory of the experimental variety evaluation station in Słupia Wielka.

The results of the study are statistically analyzed using the method of analysis of variance. The significance of the source of variation is tested using the Fisher-Snedecor F test, and multiple Tukey intervals are used to evaluate and compare the significance of the difference between the means at the significance level α = 0.05. Statistical calculations are carried out according to the above mathematical model according to our own algorithm written in Excel:

yijl——value of the checked feature, m——population average, ai——factor A (cultivar)'s i-th level influence, gj——jth repetition influence, \({e}_{ ij} ^{(1)}\)——error 1 caused by the interaction of factor A and repetition, bl—the effect of factor B at level l (type of foliar feeding), abil—factor A and repetition B, \({e}_{ijl}^{(2)}\)-random error.

According to our own research, compared with the control subjects, foliar fertilization significantly increased the total protein content of rapeseed (Table 1). After applying biostimulants containing amino acids, the protein content increased by an average of 7.38 g kg-1 dry matter (dm), the largest increase (subject 2). Kozak et al. 17, Matysiak et al. 18, 19, and Gugała et al. 20 showed that biostimulants have no significant effect on the value of this property. In my own research, the average increase in foliar fertilizer containing sulfur and boron was the smallest 2.52 g kg−1 dm (subject 3). Nawab et al. 21 After foliar spraying with ammonium sulfate, the protein content increased from 0.3% to 0.5% on average. Similarly, Jankowski et al13 found that after feeding plants with boron (300 g B ha−1), the protein content increased by 8.8 g kg−1 dm on average, while Bowszys22 increased by 18.0 g kg−1 on average, while Jarecki et al. 23 After two applications of Insol 5 in autumn and spring-an average of 1.5% dm Malhi et al. 5 and Nadian et al. 24 obtained different results, they did not show a significant effect on the value of boron fertilizer for this trait. Jarecki and Bobrecka-Jamro25 found a similar trend after applying foliar preparations: Basfoliar 36 Extra, Basfoliar 12 – 4 − 6 S, Solubor DF, Adob ​​Mn and mixtures: Basfoliar 36 Extra with Solubor DF, Basfoliar 12 − 4 − 6 S and Solubor DF, and Kwiatkowski26 after spraying in autumn: 100% and 75% NPK and urea nickel chelate MgSO4 H2O; 100% and 75% NPK and urea Plonvit R MgSO4 H2O and Jankowski et al. 27 After autumn trace and macro element feeding .

The seeds of hybrid varieties (F1) with traditional growth types and semi-dwarf growth types (PT248 and PX115) have higher protein content than open-pollinated varieties (Table 1). Conversely, Gugała et al. 19 obtained the highest value of this characteristic in PX104 semi-dwarf hybrids, while in long-stem hybrids, the value was lower by an average of 12.05 g kg−1 dm in the author's subsequent study28, which is different from traditional growth. The type of recovery hybrid is characterized by the highest protein content, while the semi-dwarf hybrid has the lowest protein content. The protein content of the seeds of Jarecki and Bobrecka-Jamro25 Marita varieties is higher than that of other varieties. Ratajczak et al.29 did not show significant differences in population diversity between hybrid morphotypes (F1) of traditional and semi-dwarf growth types and California varieties.

Statistical calculations show the interaction between varieties and foliar fertilization, which means that the studied varieties show different responses to foliar fertilization (Table 1). Among all the morphological types, the amino acid Aminoplant was found to have the highest protein content, and the difference between the morphological types studied on this subject was not statistically significant. In the case of hybrid morphology on plots with amino acids (2) and foliar fertilization and sulfur, boron, and amino acids (4), the value of this trait is the same. The results showed that the protein content of the seeds of the long-stem hybrid (PT248) was the same in the control subjects and after the use of sulfur and boron, while the population varieties had the same protein content after the use of sulfur and boron (the subjects). 3) With sulfur, boron and amino acids (object 4).

Compared with control subjects, foliar fertilization significantly increased the crude fat content of rapeseed, from 2.12 to 8.35 g kg-1 dm on average (Table 1). Subject 4 had the highest crude fat content after applying foliar fertilizers containing sulfur, boron, and amino acids, and the lowest after using biostimulants containing amino acids (subject 2). Malhi et al.5 reached a similar conclusion. They showed that under the influence of foliar fertilization containing 500 g ha-1 of B, the crude fat concentration in rapeseed and rapeseed increased by 14.0 g kg-1 sm on average. Jankowski et al. 13 applied boron at 150 g B ha−1 (BBCH 50) and 150 g B ha−1 (BBCH 55) in a foliar manner, noting that the value of this trait increased by an average of 26.1 g kg-1 dm , But after using a smaller dose (150 g B ha-1), the author found that the factor had no significant effect on the traits. A subsequent study27 concluded that spraying macro and trace elements in autumn leaves can increase the raw fat content by an average of 1.3 g kg-1 dm (one application) and 7.4 g kg-1 dm (two applications). Kwiatkowski26 also proved the positive effect of foliar fertilization on the value of this trait. The average increase he recorded increased from 16.0 g kg−1 dm to 29.0 g kg−1 dm. In turn, Bowszys22 showed that the value of seed use decreased after foliar fertilization. The dosage of boron is 400, 600, 800, 1200 g B ha-1. Similar results were obtained in northeastern Poland due to intensive foliar fertilization30. Szczepanek et al. 31 found that the effect of the formulation was small: Humistar, Drakar, and Humistar and Drakar (T3) value the property. The authors show that in only one growing season, Drakar foliar fertilizer has a beneficial effect on increasing the oil content of the seeds of the rapeseed varieties examined. Sienkiewicz-Cholewa and Kieloch8 show that sulfur is beneficial to the use value of seeds, but has no response to boron. Jarecki and Bobrecka-Jamro23,25 and Oleksy et al.32 achieved the same fat content as control subjects after applying foliar fertilizer.

In my own research, the seeds of PX115 semi-dwarf hybrids have the best utility value, and the smallest is the open-pollinated form of Monolit. Similarly, Gugała et al. 28 showed the minimum value of this characteristic in open-pollinated varieties (Monolit), while in other studies by the authors20, the seeds of restoring hybrids with semi-dwarf growth type found the highest fat content, which was found in open-pollinated varieties (Monolit). The average reduction in the form was 17.66 g kg-1 dm, while the minimum average reduction in the long-stem hybrid was 20.57 g kg-1 dm. Jarecki and Bobrecka-Jamro25 showed that the difference in fat content between Lirajet, Lisek, and Marita varieties was not statistically significant, while Oleksy et al.32 found that the value of this trait in the hybrid Nelson variety was higher.

These varieties are characterized by different responses to foliar nutrition (Table 1). The seeds of the studied varieties have the highest crude fat content after applying foliar sulfur, boron and amino acids. The long-stemmed cultivar PT 248 has the same value of this trait as the control subject after the application of amino acids.

According to my own research, the content of fibril obtained by applying sulfur-containing and B-containing foliar fertilizer is the same as that of the control subjects. After the combination of S and B with amino acids, the characteristic value increased by 2.31 g kg−1 dm on average (Table 1). The difference between this object and the object only on it uses amino acids, which is not statistically significant. Jankowski et al.13 showed that the crude fiber content increased significantly after applying boron-containing foliar fertilizer (300 g B ha−1), and in a later study 27 after autumn foliar application, the authors showed that this effect was small . Conversely, Jarecki and Bobrecka-Jamro25 found that the foliar nutrition of rapeseed had no significant effect on the crude fiber content in rapeseed. In a subsequent study, the author 23 applied the foliage twice in autumn and spring, autumn and autumn. Under the influence of fertilizer, in spring, the fiber content of seeds was found to decrease by 0.6% on average twice in spring.

Among the compared cultivars, the most crude fibers were found in semi-dwarf hybrids, while the least fibers were found in hybrids of traditional growth types. This is consistent with the results of Gugała et al.20, while Jarecki and Bobrecka-Jamro25 showed no statistically significant difference in crude fiber content between Lirajet, Lisek and Marita varieties.

In many years of experiments, climatic conditions have affected the chemical composition of winter rapeseed (Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4). The highest annual rainfall (average 414.5 mm) was recorded during the 2017-2018 growing season, with an average annual temperature of 9.3°C (Figure 1). In terms of the calculated Sielianinov coefficient, this is the best season (K = 1.44). The last year of the study was the warmest and driest (K = 0.75) (Table 2). The annual precipitation is 13.0 mm lower than the multi-year average, and the annual average temperature is 1.1°C higher than the 1996-2010 average.

The sum of monthly precipitation and average temperature RSD Zawady in a given growing season over many years (1996-2010).

RSD Zawady The total monthly rainfall and average temperature during the growing season 2016-2017 for many years (1996-2010).

RSD Zawady's total monthly rainfall and average temperature during the 2017-2018 growing season for many years (1996-2010).

RSD Zawady's multi-year (1996-2010) growing season total monthly rainfall and average temperature during 2018-2019.

The experimental results show that the studied morphological seeds are characterized by the highest protein content in the driest and warmest years of the study, and the long-stem hybrid PT248 shows the highest value of this trait. During the 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 growing seasons, the difference between open pollination morphology and long-stem hybrids was not statistically significant. In the second and third years of the study, the same trait value was also shown between the open pollination form and the semi-dwarf hybrids. In the first year of the study, it was proved that the seeds of all the research variables had the least protein (Table 3).

Among all the tested varieties, the last year's study found the highest crude fat content, while the lowest during the 2016-2017 growing season. In the second year of the study, this trait showed the same value in the restored hybrids (Table 3).

The seeds of the research variety collected in the last year of the study had the highest crude fiber content, and during the 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 growing seasons, the value of this trait was the same as that of the open-pollinated variety. The restoration hybridization with traditional growth types also showed a similar trend. In the second year of the study, statistically insignificant differences were found between restored hybrids with traditional and semi-dwarf growth types. The lowest crude fiber content of all the studied varieties was from 2016 to 2017 (Table 3).

In all years of research, the highest protein content was obtained after using amino acids (Table 4). In the first year of study after applying S and B feeding, the protein content was the same as that of the control subjects. This year, the same value of this feature has been proved on the objects of foliar fertilization (S and B) and the combined use of sulfur and boron with amino acids, and on the objects that use fertilizers containing S, B, and amino acids, and only used Amino acids. During the 2017-2018 growing season, statistically insignificant differences were found between the control subjects and the foliar fertilizers containing S and B, and subjects 3 (S, B) and 4 (S, B, amino acids).

In all years of trials, the crude fiber content was the highest under the influence of foliar fertilizers containing sulfur, boron and amino acids. In the control subjects (1) in the first and second years of the study, the value of this trait is the same with the use of amino plant biostimulants (2) and the use of S and B for foliar fertilization (3). A similar relationship was observed in the second year of the study, and in the final year, after applying foliar fertilizers containing sulfur and boron, the crude fiber content was the same as the control subjects. During the 2018-2019 growing season, no statistically significant differences were found between the use of amino acids and the objects that used boron, sulfur, and amino acids for foliar fertilization (Table 4).

The crude fat content of the studied morphological seeds was the highest after the foliar fertilization of sulfur, boron and amino acids, and the lowest under the influence of amino acids.

After applying amino acids, the highest concentration of total protein was obtained, and regardless of the type of morphology studied on the subject, the same value of the trait was proved. In the restored morphology type, the use of additional foliar fertilization S and B combined with amino acids did not significantly increase this characteristic compared to amino acid variants. Due to the application of amino acids and foliar feeding of S, B and amino acids, the crude fiber content of rapeseed increased the most. Compared with the control, the application of S and B did not significantly increase this characteristic variant.

The best feed and utilization value of seeds appear in the restoration morphology, and the semi-dwarf varieties have the highest fat and crude fiber content.

The climatic conditions in many years of research greatly determine the value of seeds. The highest values ​​of the research traits are obtained in the warmest and driest research years, while the lowest in the growing season, which is characterized by much higher rainfall than the average annual rainfall from the beginning of the spring vegetation to the technology. Seed maturity

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Ministry of Agriculture, Ignace Mościcki Vocational National School in Ciehanów, ul. Narutowicza 9, 06-400, Ciechanów, Poland

College of Agricultural Bioengineering and Animal Husbandry, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Siedlce, ul. Prusa 14, 08-110, Siedlce, Poland

Marek Gugała & Krystyna Zarzecka

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AS wrote the main manuscript text, and KZ and MG prepared Tables 1-4. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Sikorska, A., Gugała, M. & Zarzecka, K. Responses of different rapeseed varieties to foliage sprays of nitrogen, sulfur and boron. Scientific Report 11, 21102 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-00639-2

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-00639-2

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